• 목록
• 답변
• 글쓰기
• 게시판 리스트 옵션
  • 수정
  • 삭제

Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders

Many people suffering from ADHD have comorbid disorders like major depression (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many patients do not respond to depression medications and may be able to benefit from psychotherapy.

The most effective medications to treat the symptoms of ADHD appear to increase and balance levels of specific neurotransmitters in the brain. Commonly prescribed stimulants include amphetamine, methylphenidate, and similar drugs.

Medicines

Many of the medications used to treat ADHD in children can be used in adults. The dosages and the side effects can be different. A doctor will take into consideration the medical history of the patient, family history and other health conditions to determine what medication is most suitable for them.

The most commonly used ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by adjusting the levels of norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. Stimulants like methylphenidate and dextro-amphetamine (commonly called Adderall) increase the availability of these neurotransmitters. They aid in improving focus and reducing impulsivity and aggression. They come in many forms, including chewable tablets, liquids and skin patches. These stimulants that last longer are popular due to their improved patient compliance, and more consistent, long-lasting improvement of symptoms.

It is crucial to keep in mind that co-existing conditions like anxiety and depression can influence the response to ADHD medications. Therefore, it is recommended that these psychiatric problems be treated first, with medications be used as a secondary measure. The medications that can be utilized for comorbidity disorders include atomoxetine (Bupropion) tricyclic antidepressants and bupropion (Wilens 2004).).

Some patients may experience a "rebound" effect in which they experience an increase in ADHD symptoms after stopping stimulant medication. In these cases, a short-term trial of an atypical stimulant drug could prove beneficial.

Certain people are not able to take stimulant drugs or are in a position to not take them due to addiction or other health conditions, like heart issues that are severe or hypertension. In these cases, nonstimulant medications such as atomoxetine (Strattera) and viloxazine (Qelbree) can be effective. These medications do not cause the same high rates of adverse effects as stimulants and carry a a lower risk for abuse and diversion.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy (talk therapy) can be helpful for those with ADHD. It can help them gain techniques to improve their lives manage anxiety and stress, work out conflicts, and deal with issues in relationships or at work. It can also aid in the treatment of those suffering from mental illness that are co-existing, such as depression and addiction disorders.

Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These therapies are based on the idea that beliefs and thoughts can influence how a person behaves, thinks and feels. CBT helps a person recognize negative behavior and thought patterns, and then formulates and implements positive strategies to change these patterns. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy employs techniques of meditation to teach people how to focus on their thoughts and emotions, manage their impulses and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy and other forms of psychotherapy focused on the family history of a person may be useful for people who suffer from ADHD who have significant secondary issues.

In addition to medications psychotherapy can assist in addressing the specific problems caused by ADHD problems, like having trouble getting through schoolwork, resolving conflict and getting along with others, forgetting important dates or obligations and making impulsive choices that can lead to legal or financial issues. It can assist a person overcome issues of the underlying nature, such as depression and anxiety that may be contributing to their ADHD symptoms.

Psychotherapy can assist people in finding healthy ways to cope and reduce stress. For instance exercising, improving sleep and healthy eating habits. It can also provide assistance to a spouse or family member who is struggling with the effects of ADHD on their relationship. Family therapy and marriage counseling can help couples and families learn how to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

CBT is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients change their negative patterns of thinking. It involves a skill-based dialog with an expert in mental health to identify the root causes of the symptoms. This treatment is designed to help patients overcome difficulties and develop coping skills that are compatible with their everyday lives.

In addition, they teach clients to recognize unhelpful thoughts, the therapists who specialize in adult ADHD CBT help them develop abilities that enable them to replace unhelpful thinking with more productive ones. This process can take time. However, it is a viable option for adults who are not getting adequate relief from medication.

In an upcoming RCT, it was found that cognitive behavior therapy in combination with medication is superior to cognitive behavior therapy on its own when it comes to improving core symptoms, emotional symptoms, self-esteem, and social functioning in adults suffering from ADHD (Clarke, et al. 2017). CBT coupled with methylphenidate could be particularly effective for those who have more serious underlying issues.

Therapists who provide this type of treatment work with their clients to devise an action plan that addresses their specific issues. They teach them a set of practical skills that are simple to master and have a high chance of success. Often a chart system is used to monitor the progress of a child and reward positive behavior. This could include a daily report for children that details the tasks they have to finish at school or the positive behaviors that need to be exhibited, and an organized system for recording and rewarding rewards. The therapists could also discuss the possibility of creating negative consequences if a child does not complete their work. This can be done in a sensitive and supportive manner.

Metacognitive Therapy

A newer type of therapy, metacognitive therapy helps individuals change how they think. This type of therapy can be beneficial to those who suffer from various mental health issues, such as depression. It's a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that assists individuals learn to recognize their negative thought patterns and how they affect their emotions. This type of therapy may assist them in acquiring psychological tools that are able and useful.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between metacognitive skills and daily functioning in adults with ADHD. To accomplish this, we examined the relationship between self- and informant-rated deficits in daily functioning to indicators of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge as well as regulation of cognition debugging, information management, and evaluation). The results showed that comprehensive knowledge was associated with daily functioning among adults suffering from ADHD but not with regulatory processes. The predictive ability of a model incorporating predictors of metacognition was moderate, suggesting that they can account for a significant amount of the variation in daily functioning of people with ADHD.

Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) is an intervention which focuses on reversing metacognitive beliefs that cause dysfunction and perpetuate mental states such as worry, rumination and attention fixation. MCT was created by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model by Wells and Gerald Matthews. A case series has proven the effectiveness of MCT in reducing anxiety, but it's still relatively in its infancy and more research is required to determine its effectiveness in other disorders.

This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of MCT to alleviate symptoms of anxiety disorder. However it is also able to treat various disorders and may be more effective than other therapy. This is not an effective treatment, but it can be utilized to treat ADHD.

Family Therapy

In family therapy the Therapist works with the entire family. All members can better understand the client's issues and learn how they can help their loved family members. It also helps them cope with their frustrations and build better communication skills. This type of counseling could be utilized to treat comorbid conditions, such as substance abuse and depression that are commonly associated as part of ADHD.

The therapist will begin with an intake session in order to better understand the family's perspective and determine if they are suitable for family intervention. The session can be conducted in person or online. The counselor will go over the details of treatment with each person and spell out the do's and don'ts of family therapy.

A therapist with experience treating adults suffering from ADHD will ask a variety of questions in order to gain understanding of the client's current symptoms, their past and their impacts on their work as well as their family and social life. They will also ask whether there are any other mental health issues, such as depression or anxiety.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is a structured type of counseling that teaches you to manage your behavior and change negative patterns of thinking into positive ones. It focuses on boosting self-esteem and self control by educating you on how to manage stress and anger. It is a short-term Treatment For Severe Adhd In Adults option that can be used in conjunction with other types of psychotherapy.

Individual therapy can help people with adhd treatment london overcome emotional burdens resulting from long-standing patterns of underachievement and failure, academic difficulties frequent job changes, and relationship conflict. It can teach you strategies for coping with stress and stress reduction, and how to manage your finances and time. It can also help with comorbid disorders such as depression and anxiety that are commonly associated as a result of ADHD.