Assembly Language or Machine Code ?
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1989: microprocessor Motorola 68040 of 4 Gigabytes of 32 bits at 40 Megahertz. 1984: microprocessor Motorola 68020 of 4 Gigabytes of 32 bits at 16 Megahertz. 1972: Intel 8008, microprocessor of 16 Kilobytes of 8 bits. 1978: microprocessor Intel 8086 of 1 Megabyte of 16 bits (used in the first IBM Personal Computer-XT). 1974: microprocessor Motorola 6800 of 64 Kilobytes of 8 bits (used in Tandy Radio Shack). The group of Mister Cerf at Stanford defined a detailed specification for it, making possible the inter-operability of Arpanet, Packet Radio and Packet Satellite. It became clear that three organisations were independently developing similar ideas: one was the group of Leonard Kleinrock and J. C. R. Licklider at M. I. T. from 1961 to 1967, another was the group of Paul Baran at R. A. N. D. from 1962 to 1965, and a third one was the group of Mister Davies and Mister Scantlebury at British N. P. L. from 1964 to 1967. The term "packet interchange" came from the N. P. L. project, while the proposed line speed for the Arpanet project was increased from 2.4 Kb to 50 Kb. 1961: field effect transistor by Steven Hofstein, that made possible the development of MOS transistor (Metallic Oxid Semiconductor) by R. C. A. July 1961: essay on the theory of packet interchange for computer networks, by Leonard Kleinrock (Massachussets Institute of Technology).
It makes possible the insertion of elements to form an integrated circuit, as it had been proposed by G. W. A. Dummer in 1952. Integrated circuits gradually substituted printed circuits as main computer processors, although printed circuits remained in use for simpler purposes. In 1964 little over ten elements could enter in a square centimetre. Interop Trade Show has grown into seven events that assemble over 250 000 people yearly. The long search for a formula to find prime numbers has already lasted for over 2 500 years, without result. For two or three years, the Osborne I was a high commercial success. The message consisted only of the two letters "LO". Initially it accepted only code in numbering base of two for all of its input or output operations. Many programmers prefer to use HTML not alone, but in combination with dynamic scripts embedded into the HTML code. With the introduction of huge arrays, Basic programmers could create arrays that exceeded 64 Kilobytes in size, with only a few restrictions. Shortly later appeared the IBM 370 and the Basic Operating System, Tape Operating System and Disk Operating System (unrelated to Basic programming language, or to later DOS operating systems such as PC-DOS, MS-DOS, DR-DOS, et cetera).
Like the IBM Personal Computer, the Osborne I had two drives for removable floppy disks of 5.25 inches, used to boot-strap the operating system and for storage (most microcomputers of those years had no fixed -hard- disk). Originally distributed in magnetic floppy disks of 5.25 inches, it became incorporated into Apple II computers. 1984: Apple Macintosh, with graphic operating system. 1979: microprocessor Motorola 68000 of 16 Megabytes of 16 bits at 8 Megahertz (in Apple, using a version of Unics operating system). As of 2023 the current version of QB64 is of 32 bits, another version of 64 bits is in preparation. 1973: CP/M, Control Programme for Microprocessors, operating system of 8 bits by Gary Kildall (Integrated Electronics and Intergalactic Digital Research). 1982: Lotus 1-2-3, graphic commercial programme of 16 bits, by Mitchell Kapor. 1982: R1-XCON, first expert system for practical use, controlling computers to suit individual customer requirements, by John Mc Dermott (Carnegie Mellon University and Digital Equipment Corporation). 1974: Unics operating system re-written in C language by Dennis Ritchie, using a PDP-7 computer of Digital Equipment Corporation.
1960: Mac Project, first computer network. In this computer was programmed the first action game (not counting computerised board games like draughts or chess): Mouse in the Labyrinth, by a teacher of the institution. 1981: Osborne I, first portable microcomputer, built by Adam Osborne on a prototype of Lee Felsenstein (Homebrew Computer Club). The original Athlon Classic was the first of a seventh-generation of x86 processors. This language is here explained in more detail than the others, due to its historical importance and to the fact that Basic was the first programming language used by P. A. Stonemann, CSS Dixieland. Second, of a H. E. M. S. (more complex, developed by advanced researchers). About 50 inventors or researchers (most of them from DARPA) showed the protocol and its problems to almost 250 qualified representatives from a number of corporations. April 1973: Robert Kahn summons Vinton Cerf (Stanford Research Institute), an expert in Network Control Protocol and in existing operating systems, for developing the new protocol for the Internet project, called just TCP but in reality having the two protocols in one, TCP as well as IP. The original idea for the protocol is definitely separated in two protocols: TCP to control flux or recuperate lost packets, and IP to address or route packets.
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